The bill calls for manufacturers of consumer electronics worth more than $50 to provide replacement parts, tools and repair documentation for both consumers and independent repair technicians. The state senate voted unanimously to pass the bill June 1. 

If Gov. Greg Abbott signs the bill into law, he will be the first Republican governor in the United States to sign a right-to-repair bill for consumer electronics. It would take effect September 1, 2026.

The bill does not apply to medical device electronics, motor vehicles, farm equipment, video game consoles or large commercial or industrial equipment. 

Unlike some other recently passed right-to-repair bills for consumer electronics, the Texas bill does not include a provision preventing parts pairing, a practice of using software that prevents technicians from fully installing spare parts, particularly those that aren’t officially approved by OEMs. A parts pairing provision was added to the bill late in the process but was ultimately removed in a conference committee, U.S. PIRG said.

If signed, Texas will be the seventh state to pass a right-to-repair law for consumer electronics and the ninth state to enact some version of a right-to-repair bill, according to PIRG.

Repair.org, Environment Texas, PIRG and Consumer Reports are among the supporters of the bill.

Oregon Gov. Tina Kotek signed a law on June 3 allowing for the creation of a new type of beverage container redemption center in the state. These new sites, run by nonprofits, will be designed specifically for canners, or people “who redeem empty beverage containers on a daily or near-daily basis,” according to the bill.

The law will allow certain redemption centers, such as grocery and convenience stores, to scale back their collection services or reduce the hours they accept container returns, as long as they are within 3.5 miles of a new alternative collection site. The law applies to cities over 500,000 people. Changes are effective October 1, 2025.

The law also allows nonprofits to apply for approval to open additional “mobile or satellite” sites. The Oregon Liquor and Cannabis Commission would review and approve any alternative sites.

Applicable grocery store redemption sites within the 3.5 mile radius can decide to no longer accept containers if the location provides funding for an alternative site or offers to host a bag drop site for the state’s Green Bag and Blue Bag programs. Convenience stores within the radius can limit the number of cans they accept from individuals per day and can limit redemption hours from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.

Supporters include Ground Score, a nonprofit that supports canners, as well as the Oregon Beverage Recycling Cooperative, the not-for-profit operator of the state’s bottle bill. The Northwest Grocery Retail Association also supported the bill.

The Packaging Reduction and Recycling Infrastructure Act aims to fund state recycling efforts and ban certain chemicals in packaging, such as PFAS. State Sen. Pete Harckham sponsors the bill along with Assemblymember Deborah Glick.

The bill also sets recycled content requirements and plastic reduction thresholds. The proposed recycling or reuse rates would be at least 35% by 2030 for certain categories of non-plastic packaging, increasing to 75% by 2052. For plastic packaging, the rate would be 25% by 2030 and 75% by 2052.

Producers with a net income of over $5 million that sell or distribute certain packaging into the state would need to join a producer responsibility organization and pay fees meant to fund the  state's waste infrastructure needs, including some reimbursements to municipalities for providing waste management services, according to the bill.  

The bill would also restrict the state from counting chemical recycling technologies as recycling. It also calls for the state to conduct a needs assessment of the state's waste system infrastructure. It would also establish a new recycling inspector general office to oversee compliance.

The bill has support from environmental groups such as Beyond Plastics, NYPIRG and Environmental Advocates NY, and prior efforts were backed by New York City’s Department of Sanitation. But the bill faces opposition from some business groups, which have instead supported a competing EPR bill. 

The bill will now be considered in the state Assembly. A similar version of this bill passed the Senate in 2024.

The law calls for battery producers to fund and manage collection, transportation, processing and recycling of most kinds of batteries in the state. The law does not cover medical device batteries or vehicle batteries. Gov. Jared Polis signed the law on June 4.

 Battery producers will be required to join a stewardship organization that will finance and operate a statewide collection system by 2027. Producers must then submit stewardship plans to the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.

By 2029, retailers in the state will no longer be allowed to sell batteries or battery-powered products from producers that aren’t part of an approved stewardship program. By 2030, the state would prohibit landfilling batteries. 

The law also calls for producers to meet certain collection and recycling targets and develop consumer education programs. Producers will also need to provide free, convenient drop-off sites for the batteries, especially in rural and underserved areas.

By March 1, 2028, the battery stewardship organization would also be required to work with CDPHE and stakeholders to publish a statewide needs assessment detailing “opportunities and challenges” with end-of-life management of batteries in the state.

The National Waste and Recycling Association’s Rocky Mountain Chapter co-led the bill with Recycle Colorado. Barrett Jensen, the chapter’s chair and an employee of Waste Connections, said the bill will help prevent battery fires in waste facilities and collection vehicles. 

"This legislation addresses a critical safety issue for our workers while creating a sustainable funding mechanism for proper battery management. By bringing producers to the table to develop solutions for this difficult to manage waste stream, we're building a system that works for everyone – consumers have convenient recycling options, local governments save money, and our facilities face fewer hazards,” he said in a statement.

The law establishes a producer-funded battery stewardship program for portable and medium-format batteries sold in Nebraska. Gov. Jim Pillen signed the law on May 20.

Beginning in 2028, producers will need to provide for the safe collection and recycling of the batteries and will be required to join a state-approved battery stewardship organization to sell applicable batteries in Nebraska. The Nebraska Department of Environment and Energy will approve and monitor all program plans.

The law does not cover certain consumer batteries, medical device batteries or vehicle batteries.

Producers will need to provide for free, convenient drop-off sites for the batteries, especially in rural and underserved areas. The PRO will also need to offer consumer education programs and track data related to collection and recycling efficiency.

The law also prohibits such batteries to be landfilled or incinerated.

Nebraska joins four other states with battery stewardship laws: Vermont, Washington, Illinois and Colorado, according to the Product Stewardship Institute, which supported Nebraska’s law.

The law creates a right-to-repair program for powered wheelchairs and other mobility devices. Washington became the third state with such programs for these wheelchairs, following laws in Colorado and California. It takes effect July 26.

Lead bill sponsor, state Sen. Drew Hansen, said the bill aimed to make it quicker and easier to repair essential mobility devices, which include powered and manual wheelchairs, mobility scooters and power assist devices for manual wheelchairs. Delays in repairs impact wheelchair users’ daily life and “interfere with their employment, schooling, health, and safety,” the bill states.

Zero Waste Washington, WashPIRG, Allies in Advocacy, Disability Rights Washington, People First of Washington, The Arc of Washington and other organizations support the bill.

The law establishes a right-to-repair law for consumer electronics, including laptops, cellphones and home appliances. Washington is the sixth state to adopt such a law. It takes effect July 26.

The law calls for manufacturers to provide wider access to parts, tools and information used to fix electronic devices starting Jan. 1, 2026. It covers most electronic products and parts that were manufactured, sold or used in Washington on or after July 1, 2021. 

The law also restricts parts pairing, a practice of using software that prevents technicians from fully installing spare parts, particularly those that aren’t officially approved by OEMs. Two other states, Colorado and Oregon, prohibit manufacturers from using parts pairing. The parts pairing restriction would apply to electronics first manufactured, sold or used in the state after Jan. 1, 2026, according to the bill.

Zero Waste Washington, WashPIRG, iFixit, Repair.org, Spokane Zero Waste and the Hazardous Waste Management Program of King County and other groups supported the bill.

Yet some electronics trade groups have said right-to-repair laws could create digital security issues and safety concerns for people who don’t know how to properly repair their equipment.

The law, known as the Recycling Reform Act, creates an EPR program for most kinds of paper and packaging. State Sen. Liz Lovelett and Rep. Liz Berry sponsored the bill.

The law also calls for establishing a statewide recycling collection list, providing curbside recycling for all homes that already have curbside trash service, and conducting a statewide recycling needs assessment.

Producers will reimburse waste service providers 90% of recycling system costs, according to the bill. That funding could be used for investment in system improvements. Washington’s bill allows for a PRO to develop, implement and finance the program, and the Washington State Department of Ecology will oversee the program. 

Service providers seeking reimbursement for services must register with Ecology, including MRFs. MRF operators receiving covered materials would need to annually report data such as volumes and quality of the material. Starting in 2028, MRFs that manage more than 25,000 tons of covered products a year would need to ensure they pay workers a "minimum industry standard compensation.”

Producers will be required to join a producer responsibility organization by July 1, 2026. The PRO must submit a plan to Ecology for approval by Oct. 1, 2028, according to the bill. EPR would be fully implemented in Washington by 2030.

The bill also calls for Ecology to conduct a statewide needs assessment submitted by Dec. 31, 2026, and updated with any new data by Dec. 31, 2027.

Zero Waste Washington called it their top-priority bill. Northwest Product Stewardship Council and the Association of Plastic Recyclers also support the bill, along with The Recycling Partnership, Washington Beverage Association and Ameripen.

Haulers like WM, Republic Services and Waste Connections, as well as the Washington Refuse and Recycling Association and Consumer Brands Association, have opposed the bill. These groups have historically opposed similar EPR bills in the state.

Maryland is now the sixth state to adopt an extended producer responsibility program for packaging. Gov. Wes Moore signed SB 901 on May 13.

State Sens. Malcolm Augustine and Sara Love sponsored the bill. It covers certain packaging and paper products, including beverage containers, and a producer responsibility organization will set fees and reimbursements. Reimbursements to local governments will cover up to half the cost of collection and cover all transportation and processing costs associated with recycling in the state.

The PRO will be responsible for setting reimbursement rates each year, calculated on a cost-per-ton basis. The law sets a reimbursement rate to cover at least 50% of the cost by July 1, 2028, then 75% in 2029 and 90% in 2030.

Maryland lawmakers have worked for several years to pass an EPR for packaging bill meant to fit the state’s specific infrastructure, recycling and business needs.

The last time state lawmakers pushed through a major EPR bill was in 2023. That bill was heavily amended and eventually passed as a law requiring the state to undergo an EPR study and recycling needs assessment. The bill was introduced before the needs assessment was complete, but bill sponsors said the bill was amended to reflect key information from the assessment once it was published.

Supporters included the Maryland Recycling Network, Ameripen, the Product Stewardship Institute, the Association of Plastic Recyclers, Trash Free Maryland and other organizations.

The American Forest & Paper Association and Just Zero were among those that opposed the bill.

Gov. Chris Sununu signed a waste industry-backed law to limit the disposal of electronic material.

Effective July 1, 2025, the state will prohibit the disposal of lithium-ion batteries as well as a range of other electronic devices. This includes wireless telephones, printers, copiers, fax machines and a range of computer accessories. The law requires operators of waste and recycling facilities to post information about the ban, and will also spur educational materials for state residents.

New Hampshire already banned the disposal of certain batteries and electronics, but legislators sought to go further due in part to concerns about fires at waste facilities. The National Waste & Recycling Association’s regional chapter was a supporter of the bill.

Starting Jan. 1, 2025, large event facilities will be required to participate in their county recycling program and compost organic materials generated during events. Illinois Gov. J.B. Pritzker signed the bill into law on Aug. 9.

The law, meant to address large amounts of waste generated at major events, will apply to facilities with a legal occupancy of at least 3,500 people. Facilities will need to collect recyclable materials such as glass, aluminum cans, cardboard, paper and “plastic beverage cups or bottles,” according to the bill. The bill includes facilities such as convention centers and sports stadiums but does not include school stadiums, county fairs or hotels, according to the bill. 

Facilities that don’t comply will face fines up to $1,500 for the first offense and $2,500 for subsequent offenses.

Previously, large event facilities were not required to recycle or compost material. 

“This law will maintain Illinois’ standing as a leader in environmental policy,” said state senator Karina Villa, who sponsored the bill, in a statement.

Illinois Gov. J.B. Pritzker signed a law creating an extended producer responsibility program for batteries. The bill applies to small-to-medium-sized portable batteries, including lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries.

The Portable Battery Stewardship Act calls for those who sell or distribute certain types of batteries to join a stewardship organization designed to fund battery management programs. That stewardship organization will need to pay the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency $100,000 a year to fund that program, according to the bill.

“As the world relies more on technology, we need to take proactive steps to ensure we are responsibly disposing of the harmful chemicals contained in batteries,” said bill sponsor state Sen. Dave Koehler in a statement. “This law ensures Illinois stays one step ahead when it comes to technology and reducing waste.”

Sellers and distributors must have a small- to medium-sized battery recycling program in place by 2026, which includes a plan for electric bike and scooter batteries. The program also requires new battery collection points to be established throughout the state by the end of 2028. By 2029, batteries will need to include proper labeling to ensure collection and recycling.

The bill received widespread support from haulers and recyclers, including GFL Environmental, Homewood Disposal Service, LRS, Republic Services, Waste Connections and WM, as well as the National Waste & Recycling Association’s state chapter. The Product Stewardship Institute, Illinois Environmental Council, Illinois Product Stewardship Council and Illinois Recycling Association & Foundation also supported the bill, along with a list of local government and environmental agencies. 

Further Reading

Massachusetts’ Senate has approved a bill that would expand the state’s bottle bill, one of the oldest in the country.

The bill would increase deposits from five to 10 cents and include all beverages except milk, formula and medicines. It would add containers up to 3.79 liters, but exclude cartons, pouches and aseptic cartons.

Redemption centers would receive a handling fee of 4 cents, up from 3.75 cents, while retailers would get 3.25 cents, up from 2.75 cents. It would exempt retailers from taking back containers if their location is less than 2,000 square feet.

The state’s secretary of energy and environmental affairs would be able to review handling fees at least every three years and decide whether or not to increase them, as well as decide if the state has enough places to return containers.

It also calls for a study of return and refill systems in Massachusetts, among other updates.

The bottle bill update was included as part of a larger climate bill that includes numerous proposals meant to speed up permitting for solar, wind, and other “clean energy” infrastructure, as well as phasing out a natural gas infrastructure replacement program. 

The bottle bill aspect builds off previously introduced bills calling for modernizing Massachusetts’ bottle bill. State Sen. Cynthia Stone Creem, who led the amendment adding the bottle bill provision in the climate bill, also sponsored a similar bottle bill expansion in the Senate prior to its inclusion in the climate bill.

Supporters of the version included in the climate bill include MASSPIRG and Just Zero.The Conservation Law Foundation and MassRecycle have also been generally supportive of updating the bottle bill.

Vermont governor Phil Scott signed S. 254, a bill that expands the state’s 2014 battery extended producer responsibility law to now include rechargeable batteries, battery-containing devices that are easily removable and some medium format primary batteries. Vermont’s existing program covers household batteries. 

The law also calls for including larger formats between 4.4 and 25 pounds, such as those found in electric bikes, starting in January 2026. Medical device batteries are not included in the EPR program.

The Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation will also be required to conduct a feasibility assessment on creating end-of-life management programs for other kinds of batteries, such as electric vehicle batteries, battery energy storage systems and batteries that are not easily removable from products. The study is due by July 1, 2026. 

The Product Stewardship Institute says the bill was based on practices from its battery EPR policy model. PSI, along with the Vermont Product Stewardship Council and some battery manufacturers and recyclers, supported the bill. 

Vermont was the first state with a household battery law, which passed in 2014. California, Washington state and Washington, D.C. also have similar programs.

Colorado Gov. Jared Polis has signed HB 1121, a bill that expands the state’s right-to-repair statute to include most kinds of consumer electronics. Such measures are seen as a way to help reduce e-waste.

“Protecting our right to repair our own broken equipment will save money, strengthen small businesses, and reduce technology waste. Today we are building on our work to protect Coloradans' right to repair to ensure manufacturers cannot force Coloradans to pay extreme repair costs,” Polis said in a statement accompanying his signature.

The law also bans parts pairing, a practice that ensures electronics can only operate with manufacturer-approved parts or software. It also bans practices that prevent independent repair providers from “installing or enabling an otherwise functional replacement part” or display “misleading alerts or warnings about unidentified parts.” Oregon’s right-to-repair law, signed in March 2024, also has a provision banning parts pairing.

Colorado’s law also adds exemptions for certain kinds of electronic equipment, such as motor vehicle and aviation equipment, fire alarm systems, medical devices other than powered wheelchairs, and some kinds of construction and energy-related equipment.

Colorado already has right-to-repair laws for powered wheelchairs and agricultural equipment. The right-to-repair expansion would apply to digital electronic equipment manufactured and sold or used in the state after Jan. 1, 2021.

Supporters included COPIRG and iFixit, who also support right-to-repair bills in other states. The Federal Trade Commission also testified in support of the expansion during a committee hearing in February. Opponents, such as the Repair Done Right Coalition, said the bill could create conditions for unsafe repairs and data security risks.

Minnesota is now the fifth state in the U.S. to approve a law establishing an extended producer responsibility program for packaging. Gov. Tim Walz signed the Packaging Waste and Cost Reduction Act as part of a larger Environment and Natural Resources Budget and Policy bill on May 21.

The shared responsibility model calls for producers to pay half of recycling costs starting in 2029 and ramp up their share of costs incrementally. By 2031, producers will pay at least 90%. 

The law does not specify performance targets, but a future needs assessment would inform possible targets around recycling, composting, waste reduction, reuse and return rates, and postconsumer recycled content. 

The law also calls for the creation of a curbside recyclability list as well as a list of material that can be recycled through alternative methods. These lists will be determined from the results of the needs assessment and public feedback. Materials that aren’t on these lists cannot be sold into the state after 2032, according to the law. 

The bill also notes that if the Minnesota legislature enacts a bottle return system in the future, “it will be harmonized with this act” and ensure “waste reduction and reuse strategies are prioritized between the two programs.”

Notable supporters of the bill include Eureka Recycling and the Minnesota Zero Waste Coalition, which say Minnesota’s EPR law will help reduce “problematic and unnecessary” packaging and improve recycling systems in the state. Other supporters include The Recycling Partnership, Ameripen, the Flexible Packaging Association and the Consumer Brands Association. The American Forest & Paper Association called for a veto of the bill.

The Minnesota chapter of the National Waste & Recycling Association said it had been “100% opposed” to previous versions of the bill, but noted that major provisions were reworked to protect key parts of the state’s recycling industry. 

Changes allow haulers and recycling facilities to retain the ability to contract directly with local government and residential customers. The law also allows recycling companies to charge a fee above the reimbursement from the PRO. In addition, the chapter applauded a change that now prevents the needs assessment process from disclosing proprietary information such as tip fees.

Further reading

Gov. Jared Polis vetoed a bill meant to ban state incentives for most MSW incinerators and chemical recycling facility projects “that target plastic as a feedstock.” The bill clarified that any future chemical recycling plants would have to follow the same state and local regulations as solid waste incinerators. The bill also stated that such combustion units would not be considered recycling or “clean energy.” There are currently no MSW incinerators or chemical recycling facilities operating in the state.

In his veto letter, Polis said it was “inappropriate to prohibit a specific technology in statute across all state incentive programs” and pointed out that it could have halted “promising pathways” for developing alternative fuel technologies. Polis acknowledged bill supporters’ intent to disincentivize industries likely to cause air and water pollution, but “it is not appropriate to speculatively disincentivize critical pathways that could be important to Colorado’s efforts on climate action.”

“This veto is a huge disappointment,” said Peter Blair, policy and advocacy director for Just Zero, in a statement. “If Colorado truly wants to address climate change and plastic pollution, it needs to move forward with real solutions that don’t include burning trash and investing in myths created by the fossil fuel industry.”

The bill had undergone numerous changes before making its way to Polis’s desk. The original text called for an outright ban on the construction and operation of MSW incinerators and most chemical recycling facilities within the state. Other changes allowed exemptions for university research and offered ways for certain businesses to prove their technologies meet Colorado’s pollution standards, which are changes that ultimately helped the bill pass, according to Colorado Public Radio.

Eco-Cycle was among the groups that spearheaded the original bill. The nonprofit recycler says blocking incineration and chemical recycling is an environmental justice concern because such facilities are more likely to operate in neighborhoods already overburdened with other pollution sources.

State Sen. Lisa Cutter, a bill sponsor, said in a statement earlier this year that the legislation aimed to block the potential for “incineration and plastics-to-fuel” facilities to pollute the air. “At a time when our air pollution is at dangerously high levels, we must do everything we can to protect our air quality,” she said.

Upstate Colorado Economic Development previously said the bill could make it harder to bring new business to the state, CPR reported.

The bill would expand the state’s existing organics recycling and edible food recovery requirements for large generators. A current law requires certain businesses and institutions — those that generate about two tons of food waste per week — to donate any edible food and recycle the rest. If passed, the bill would update that requirement to one ton per week starting in January 2026, and half a ton per week starting in January 2028. 

Current law only requires that these businesses recycle food scraps if they are within 25 miles of an organics recycler, but the updated bill would remove that distance exemption. New York City is exempt from all aspects of the current and proposed law because it has local commercial organics recycling requirements.

Bill sponsors say the expansion would help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from food waste.

The bill has passed the Senate and Assembly and must go through final steps before heading to Gov. Kathy Hochul’s desk.

Supporters include Earthjustice, which said nearly 99% of large generators outside the city would be covered if the bill becomes law. The New York League of Conservation of Voters also supports the bill. The National Waste & Recycling Association’s state chapter has not taken an official position.

Further reading

Gov. Jay Inslee just signed HB 1185, a bill that extends the state's fluorescent bulb stewardship program through 2035 and bans the sale of most mercury-containing fluorescent lights in the state by Jan. 1, 2029. 

The law extends the statewide fluorescent bulb takeback and recycling program, known as LightRecycle. The program requires manufacturers to manage the bulbs at end-of-life, including by financing safe collection options, as well as recycling or disposal outlets. That program was originally meant to sunset in 2025, but will now end in 2035, according to the bill.

If the program had ended, residents would have lost access to “a consistent, convenient, and safe way to return unwanted mercury-containing lights, which will remain in use for years as existing inventory winds down, even as the lighting industry has moved away from most mercury-containing lights,” according to the bill text. Banning mercury-containing bulbs further protects residents from toxic material, bill sponsors said.

Supporters of the bill included several Washington county solid waste districts, Seattle Public Utilities, and Zero Waste Washington.

Maryland governor Wes Moore signed SB 325 into law on May 9, making it the 12th state with a paint EPR program. The law requires certain architectural paint producers, distributors or retailers to participate in an extended product responsibility program managed by the Maryland Department of the Environment. 

The law includes interior or exterior paints sold in containers of five gallons or less. Industrial and specialty paints were not included in the bill. 

The law takes effect on July 1, 2024. One year later, producers would need to submit a program plan to be approved by MDE. Starting April 1, 2026, they will need to comply with EPR requirements such as logging the methods used to collect and process the paint, as well as keep track of the volume collected, disposed or reused in each county. Producers will also need to pay annual fees, according to a bill analysis.

The law also calls for public education programs and the establishment of accessible paint drop-off sites for residents, with at least 90% of residents having access to such a site within a 15-mile radius. According to PaintCare, the program will also offer over 100 paint drop-off sites throughout the state, including locations inside paint and hardware stores. PaintCare, a program of the American Coatings Association, represents paint manufacturers that participate in paint stewardship programs.

The bill had several Republican detractors, some of whom described the bill as a “paint tax” and said the bill would add undue costs to homeowners, according to Maryland Matters. The Maryland Retailers Alliance also opposed the bill, similarly describing it as a tax. PaintCare said a “small fee” added to the purchase price of new paint will be used to fund the program, but there will be no cost to drop off paint.

A bill analysis estimated there could be a “potential decrease in local waste management costs” starting in 2026, and a “minimal increase” to local government expenditures.

Supporters of the bill included the Maryland Recycling Network, Product Stewardship Institute, Maryland PIRG and the Sierra Club.

The bill, signed by Gov. Jay Inslee on March 28, enacts several new measures to support the state’s organics diversion goals. The state previously set a goal to reduce food waste by 50% by 2030, among other organics goals.

The new law instructs the Department of Ecology to study food donation and recovery systems infrastructure. The Center for Sustainable Food Management, part of the department, would also administer several kinds of grants to public and private sector partners to enhance food recycling and recovery infrastructure. 

The law also codifies a wasted food hierarchy that prioritizes prevention, donation or upcycling of potentially wasted food and sets landfilling and incineration as the least desired organic material management methods. The hierarchy echoes the most recently updated Wasted Food Scale announced by the U.S. EPA last fall.

The bill also expands the range of households and businesses that must receive composting services. It was supported by a range of stakeholders already involved in managing organic waste, including City of Seattle, Compost Manufacturing Alliance and Washington Organic Recycling Council.

Similar to other laws supported by the American Chemistry Council, this one states that chemical or advanced recycling facilities will be regulated as manufacturing rather than as solid waste facilities.

The Wyoming law defines this method as “a manufacturing process for the conversion of post‑use polymers and recovered feedstocks into basic hydrocarbon raw materials, feedstocks, chemical and other products like waxes and lubricants through processes that include but are not limited to pyrolysis, gasification, depolymerization, catalytic cracking, hydrogenation, solvolysis and other similar technologies.”

While such bills have proven contentious in some states, this one passed with bipartisan support and was recently signed by Gov. Mark Gordon.

“Advanced recycling technologies present a new opportunity to attract new investment, expand our industrial operations and create new jobs,” said state Sen. Eric Barlow in a statement. “Wyoming is blessed to have an existing transportation system in place where we can efficiently bring in materials like post-use plastics and transform them into the basic raw materials that can become new products.”

The law updates the E-Cycle Wisconsin program to make recycling targets for electronic scrap more realistic in an effort to require fewer program participants to pay penalties. Under state law, manufacturers may not sell certain consumer electronics to households and certain schools in the state unless the manufacturer recycles a certain percentage each year.

The law, approved by Gov. Tony Evers on March 14, changes the way the annual manufacturer recycling target is calculated to better reflect market share and other factors of the waste stream. The law also raises annual manufacturer registration fees and slightly updates the eligible list of collected electronics to add more “consumer video display devices.” 

It also adjusts some of the manufacturers’ required reporting requirements. The bill also calls for the Department of Natural Resources to make formal rules dictating whether manufacturers that don’t meet their required recycling targets can ask to waive penalty fees if they show they are making a “good faith effort” to meet the requirements.

“Wisconsin’s E-Cycle program has been massively successful in keeping millions of tons of obsolete electronic waste out of our local landfills, and putting these valuable materials into newer devices,” State Sen. Robert Cowles said in a statement . “But as targets for recycling shift, the state should be able to adapt and keep the program operating efficiently without unnecessarily punishing program participants.” 

Gov. Tina Kotek has signed a bill requiring manufacturers of consumer electronics to provide replacement parts, service manuals and other resources to consumers and third-party repair businesses. The law covers devices such as appliances, laptops and cell phones. The law goes into effect Jan. 1, 2025.

The law also prohibits manufacturers from “parts pairing,” a practice of using software that prevents technicians from fully installing spare parts. It’s the first right-to-repair law in the U.S. to include that aspect, according to U.S. PIRG, which supported the bill. Apple, which said it generally supports right-to-repair laws, defended parts pairing as an important practice because it helps ensure the device and its data is secure throughout the repair process, the Verge reported.

Supporters included iFixit, the Association of Oregon Recyclers, and numerous local and national right to repair organizations. The Oregon Refuse and Recycling Association, another supporter, said the bill would help reduce fires caused by lithium-ion batteries in the waste stream. The bill would also divert more electronics from disposal, many of which end up in the state E-Cycles program due in part to a lack of convenient repair and reuse options, the organization said.

Opponents included the Repair Done Right Coalition, made up of groups like TechNet and associations representing the security, medical imaging and electrical manufacturing industries. The coalition testified that the bill would create “safety and cybersecurity risks for consumers and businesses” and said some repairs would be too complex or dangerous for someone to undertake without proper training.

The law specifies that any chemical recycling processes will be regulated under the same rules as solid waste. It’s a move meant to put safety and environmental stipulations in place in the event such a facility is built in the state, News from the States reported. The bill became law on March 5 without Gov. Janet Mills’ signature.

The law clarifies that solid waste processing facilities would not be allowed to count “chemical plastic processing” as a recycling method for plastic waste. Advanced recycling facilities would also follow the same clean-up cost requirements as other solid waste facilities in the state, if such clean-ups are required. The law also prohibits the development of any advanced recycling facility unless the company is able to show it will recycle at least 50% of the plastic it processes. 

Lawmakers who supported the bill said it would help properly regulate future advanced recycling facilities, while opponents said it may not be necessary to pass a new law when such facilities do not currently exist in the state, the media outlet reported.

The bill aims to reclassify chemical recycling, also known by the plastics industry as advanced recycling, as a manufacturing process instead of waste management. The bill is similar to at least 24 others passed in various states, including Indiana, Kansas and Utah last year. The American Chemistry Council plays a major role in crafting and supporting this category of legislation.

Alaska’s House approved the bill on Feb. 23. The state Senate will consider the bill next.

Bill supporters, including primary sponsor Republican Rep. Tom McKay, said the bill aims to keep plastic out of landfills and would help the state reduce red tape in the event an advanced recycling facility is built in Alaska, Alaska Public Media reported. There currently are no known plans for such a facility in the state.

Opponents, including Rep. Donna Mears, a representative from Anchorage, said the bill would subject such operations to lower environmental standards and would stress the state’s already overloaded energy grid. 

The law aims to bolster the state’s redemption center network by updating the formula it uses for processing payments. Under the new law, payments to redemption centers will be based on scrap prices from the previous three months instead of 12 months. Supporters say this makes the system more responsive to market forces, especially when scrap prices are volatile. 

The change could help prevent more redemption centers from closing, supporters said. California saw more than half of its locations close in the last decade.

The law also adds most 100% fruit and vegetable juice containers to the bottle bill starting Jan. 1. The Container Recycling Institute, a bill supporter, estimates the juice container update could add another 188 million containers to the program and help raise deposit return rates. The law  also establishes a $60 per ton “transportation, operations, and logistics payment” for rural recycling centers managing glass, which could be available until 2030.

Republic Services’ Western Region, along with the West Coast chapter of the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, EDCO Disposal, Rethink Waste, Strategic Materials, Allan Company and numerous recycling and deposit centers throughout the state supported the bill.

Further reading

California’s new law for consumer electronics is among the strongest in the country, advocates say. The bill requires manufacturers of consumer electronics and some appliances to provide replacement parts, diagnostic information and service manuals to consumers and third-party repair businesses. It also imposes fines on manufacturers that don’t comply.  

The law, which takes effect in July 2024, covers devices like televisions, radios and home appliances. Californians Against Waste, CalPIRG and iFixIt co-sponsored the bill. The groups say their law “goes above and beyond” similar consumer electronics bills that were recently passed in New York and Minnesota because it mandates certain repair manuals be made available for up to seven years, which helps keep devices out of waste streams for longer. 

Supporters say the law will help reduce the amount of electronics that enter the waste stream.

The legislation saw support from longtime repair advocates, as well as notable newfound support from Apple. The tech giant historically opposed such legislation, but reversed course and said this year’s bill took a balanced approach to considerations such as data security and intellectual property. HP also announced its support over the summer. Homeboy Electronics Recycling, Zero Waste USA and multiple local jurisdictions also supported the bill.

A coalition of opposing groups, such as the California Chamber of Commerce, Consumer Technology Association, Internet Coalition and TechNet, said the bill didn’t do enough to protect original equipment manufacturers and “undermines” businesses that are part of OEM-authorized networks.

Further reading

Lawmakers have overwhelmingly approved an EPR program for tires, the first such program in the U.S.

HB 6486 makes manufacturers responsible for recycling old tires. The law is meant to help add needed oversight to the state’s tire recycling systems and curb illegal dumping.

Tire producers will need to join a stewardship organization by Jan. 1, 2025. The PRO will need to create, manage and promote a statewide collection system, including public drop-off sites that are free to the public. Producers will be the sole funders of the program.

The law also calls for the state to research the “efficacy and suitability” of a program to use tire-derived asphalt on roads throughout the state. A report, issued on Jan. 1, 2025, would offer paving recommendations and estimate the volume of tires needed to meet those recommendations.  

A major waste and recycling bill backed by Gov. Ned Lamont is now law. HB 6664 expands state organics separation programs and sets mandatory rates for recycled content for certain plastic beverage containers. It also calls for restructuring major state solid waste management services and giving the state more authority to manage the board of the Materials Innovation and Recycling Authority.

The law now requires institutions like hospitality and entertainment businesses and rehab, healthcare and correctional institutions with at least 26 tons per year of organic waste, to compost the material at a state-authorized facility.

The law also calls for certain plastic beverage containers to contain at least 25% recycled content by January 2027 and 30% by January 2032.

It also allows the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection to make recommendations for possibly creating a quasi-public state agency to develop new solid waste infrastructure in the state. A request-for-information period would explore new systems for processing waste within the state and up to $500 million in bonding could eventually come from the Connecticut Green Bank, a quasi-public agency meant to fund renewable energy projects.

Lamont, along with DEEP Commissioner Katie Dykes, first introduced the sweeping bill in January as a vehicle to maximize waste diversion in the wake of last year’s closure of a major WTE facility owned by MIRA. But the contentious bill underwent numerous changes throughout the year due to clashes between lawmakers. Significant proposals – like an EPR for packaging provision – were deleted from the final bill.

Further reading

Maine has approved a law updating its bottle bill to rework funding for the program, ease sorting requirements for redemption centers and promote reuse strategies. 

The bill ends a requirement for redemption centers to sort containers by brand, instead allowing employees to sort by material type like plastic, glass, steel and aluminum starting in 2025. It’s a move supporters say saves time and will be easier on redemption center employees. A new “commingling cooperative” of brand owners will collectively organize container collection as well as share cost and collection data with each other.

The law also reworks how unclaimed deposits are distributed. The newly created cooperative will be required to make an annual payment of $1 million to a special Cost and Carbon Efficient Technology Fund meant to pay for sorting technology and other improvements.

The law also promotes use of reusable and refillable containers. It calls for programs such as developing washing facilities or doing outreach and education around benefits of refillable containers.

The law also calls for a third-party study to determine if it’s feasible for 5% and 10% of beverage containers marketed in the state as reusable or refillable. The study, due by July 15, 2026, would also detail what types of investments or infrastructure could help achieve that goal.

Organizations including the Natural Resources Council of Maine and Upstream applauded the bill’s passage, but some beverage brands have raised concerns.

This law follows another emergency law passed in May that raised the handling fee to help redemption centers that were in danger of closing due to lower income and rising costs.

Illinois is now the 11th state with an extended producer responsibility program for paint. 

Gov. J.B. Pritzker signed SB 836  to create the EPR program, which will be managed by the paint industry and start in 2025. It calls for ensuring that 90% of state residents have a convenient collection site, service or event within a 15-mile radius, which bill sponsor Sen. Linda Holmes said will include “hundreds” of dropoff locations to manage about 1 million gallons of paint each year. The bill also calls for public education to reduce paint waste and encourages residents and recyclers to find ways to reuse paint.

Funding to run the program will be included in the cost of new paint, according to the Product Stewardship Institute, which supported the bill and has worked on model paint EPR legislation in other states.

The program will be managed by PaintCare, a nonprofit organization created by the paint industry through the American Coatings Association, PSI said. Other states with similar EPR laws for paint are California, Colorado, Connecticut, Minnesota, Oregon, Rhode Island, Maine, New York, Washington, and Vermont. The District of Columbia also has a paint EPR program. 

The Illinois Product Stewardship Council sees the law as a way to add more circular economy initiatives in the state, offer easier recycling options and provide jobs for recyclers. The bill received broad support from other groups including local solid waste boards, environmental groups and municipalities.

The law, signed by Oregon Gov. Tina Kotek in July, refreshes Oregon’s 14-year-old E-Cycles Program by adding more covered devices and updating requirements for collection site locations. The update is meant to stabilize collection infrastructure and make collection programs more accessible.

Items that will be newly accepted in the extended producer responsibility program starting in 2026 include scanners, DVD players, VCRs, music players, game consoles, digital converter boxes, cable receivers, routers, modems and small servers. The program already accepts computers, monitors, TVs, printers, keyboards and mice. 

The law will also allow for multiple producer responsibility organizations, and PROs will be required to sign contracts with operators of MRFs, landfills or transfer stations that want to become a collection site for the program. Cities and counties must offer a minimum number of sites based on population and ensure services are accessible to rural areas along with lower-income areas.  

The bill received broad support, including from the Oregon Refuse and Recycling Association and Republic Services, WM and Recology. Haulers applauded the bill for allowing permitted solid waste collection sites to opt in to the program and requiring advance public notice when a specific collection site closes.

Further reading

Redemption centers in Maine now receive an extra cent for each container they handle under LD 134. Gov. Janet Mills signed the emergency legislation into law on May 5.

Effective May 1, the handling fee is now 5.5 cents, up a penny from when the fee was last increased in 2020, according to the bill. The handling fee will again increase to 6 cents per container on Sept. 1.

Redemption centers are a key part of Maine’s bottle bill, but numerous closures over the last few years prompted the state legislature to quickly pass the bill to prevent further damage. There are about 321 redemption centers in the state and more than 50 have closed since 2020, Maine Public reported. Some redemption center operators applauded the law, saying they have few ways to raise their income as costs rise and the law would help prevent future closures. 

Beverage brands like BlueTriton, which owns Poland Spring, as well as some distributors, said Maine already has one of the highest handling fees in the country compared with places like Iowa and Oregon. They felt that raising the fee wouldn’t do much to stabilize the bottle bill in the long run and would add costs to their businesses and to consumers, preferring the fee increase to be paired with broader system reforms. TOMRA, a reverse vending machine manufacturer, said any changes to the state’s bottle bill must come with “checks and balances.” 

Further reading

New York Gov. Kathy Hochul signed a chapter amendment March 3 to postpone the deadline for parts of the state’s extended producer responsibility law for carpet. The amendment gives carpet producers more time to create collection programs. 

Hochul signed the original EPR for carpet bill into law in January, and this additional law extends the program’s effective date to July 1, 2026. The state’s Department of Environmental Conservation, which is responsible for approving producers’ recycling plan proposals, requested additional time to implement the new law, according to the bill text.

Under the original EPR bill text, producers would have had to submit plans by the end of the year. The chapter amendment now gives producers until Dec. 31, 2025, to submit details on how they will participate in an industry recycling program or establish their own program. They will need to implement those plans starting July 1, 2026.

Lawmakers had already planned to start the program in 2026, and this amendment is seen as a minor change to the original EPR bill to reflect that timeline.

New York’s EPR for carpet law sets mandatory carpet recycling metrics, calls for recycled content in new carpet and requires free, convenient locations for residents to drop off old carpet. The law also bans intentionally-added perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in new carpet and sets mandatory recycling rates. 

Delaware Gov. John Carney signed a bill that bans most food establishments from providing customers with ready-to-eat food or beverages in polystyrene foam containers. It also bans the establishments from offering plastic straws unless customers request them, and further bans single-service plastic coffee stirrers, cocktail picks, or sandwich picks. The restrictions will take effect on July 1, 2025. 

Some healthcare providers, nonprofit organizations and religious institutions will be exempt from the foam food container ban. The bill also excludes EPS coolers or ice chests used for shipping of seafood or storing raw meat, fruits or other types of raw food items.

The plastic straw ban would not apply to people in hospitals or long-term care facilities and wouldn’t apply to straws already attached to prepackaged goods like juice boxes, according to the bill.  

Bill sponsor Sen. Trey Paradee told Delaware Public Media that the bill is the next logical step to move away from single-use plastics. The state already bans single-use plastic bags.

Some restaurant owners said they worry the change will affect overhead costs as they look for packaging options that are as inexpensive as foam containers. 

Bill opponents included Senate Minority Leader Brian Pettyjohn, who says the Delaware Solid Waste Authority should accept PS packaging for recycling instead of banning it, he told DPM.

The bill prohibits food vendors from offering polystyrene foam containers or serving food in the containers starting Jan. 1, 2025. It also prohibits the sale or distribution of PS foam containers, PS foam packaging peanuts or other foodware containers containing intentionally added PFAS by that date. Gov. Tina Kotek signed the bill into law on May 8, 2023.

Food vendors that don’t comply would face penalties of up to $100 per day. The fine goes up to $500 a day for those that sell or distribute the prohibited containers into the state, according to the bill.

The bill garnered support from a coalition of about 25 environmental and recycling groups including the Association of Oregon Recyclers, Environment Oregon and the Oregon Environmental Council. The groups say plastic reduction strategies are effective in reducing pollution.

A group of plastics industry and packaging organizations including the American Chemistry Council, Ameripen and Plastics, opposed the bill. In a joint letter, the groups said the bill gives the state Environmental Quality Commission too much power to “ban any type of plastic packaging it deems ‘unnecessary.’” The Foodservice Packaging Institute also opposed the bill.

Further reading

Vermont Gov. Phil Scott vetoed a bill that would have expanded the state’s container deposit system. 

HB 158 would have updated Vermont’s container deposit law to include more types of beverages and restructured the overall bottle bill system to require beverage manufacturers to participate in a producer responsibility organization. 

The bill had passed both the House and Senate. Scott said he supported recycling, but explained in a veto letter that the bottle deposit system was “labor intensive” and that updates would “move us backwards, and we should instead focus on investing in and improving zero-sort (or blue bin) recycling.”

Industry groups like the National Waste & Recycling Association applauded the veto.

If the bill had passed, new beverages would have been added to the deposit law, including bottled water, sports drinks, wine and liquor. Wine bottles, along with liquor bottles over 50ml, would have had a 15-cent deposit. Other types of containers would have had a 5-cent deposit value, the same as other containers in the program.

The bill did not cover milk, dairy products, infant formula, meal replacement drinks or nonalcoholic cider. 

The bill would have also required all manufacturers and distributors of covered beverages to participate in a newly formed PRO, which would have been responsible for managing the bottle bill system and submitting stewardship plans with details on offering convenient collection points, reducing sortation burdens at redemption centers, offering consumer education and other details.

The bill also laid out a statewide minimum beverage container redemption rate goal of 75% by July 1, 2026, and would update that goal incrementally every few years until it reaches 90% by July 1, 2040. 

The state currently collects 100% of unclaimed beverage container deposits known as escheats, but the bill proposed changing that model in 2026 to allow the state to collect the first $3 million. The PRO would collect the remainder. The state would collect the first $4 million starting in 2027 and return to collecting the full amount by 2031. By that time, Vermont would have been required to contribute at least $4 million to the state’s Clean Water Fund and additional amounts collected were meant to go to the Waste Management Assistance Fund.

Further reading

Washington’s HB 1085 aims to reduce plastic pollution by restricting single-use water bottles, health and beauty product containers, and foam structures for overwater docks. The bill awaits Gov. Jay Inslee’s signature. 

The bill also requires that new buildings with drinking fountains include bottle filling stations, a provision meant to reduce single-use plastic water bottle use.

The bill also calls for hotels and other “lodging establishments” to stop offering health and beauty products that come in small plastic containers, plastic wrappers or other single-use plastic packaging unless guests specifically request them. The establishments could still use refillable plastic dispensers or single-use containers not made from plastic.

The water bottle filling station portion of the bill would take effect July 1, 2026. Establishments with 50 or more units would need to stop offering plastic toiletries on Jan. 1, 2027, and smaller establishments would follow suit starting Jan. 1, 2028. The foam dock portion would take effect Jan. 1, 2024.

Further reading

Maryland’s new EPR for packaging law, SB 222, doesn’t officially establish an EPR program. Instead, it calls for a detailed statewide needs assessment to determine how recycling and waste systems are currently operating before the state can create the program. Gov. Moore signed the law on May 8, 2023. 

The law requires a third party to complete the needs assessment by July 30, 2024. It also calls for creating an advisory council that will provide recommendations on a proposed EPR plan to the governor by Dec. 1, 2024. The Maryland Department of the Environment must also approve a single producer responsibility organization by Oct. 1, 2023. 

The needs assessment must include details of state waste and recycling infrastructure and capacity, as well as key costs and revenues. It must also determine disposal and recycling methods by material type and amount, as well as estimate how many materials are currently not being recycled and numerous other metrics.

The advisory council will have up to 21 members including haulers, processors and composters from both the public and private sectors, and representatives from local government agencies, PROs and the consumer goods sector.

The bill originally spelled out details of an EPR program, but it underwent numerous major amendments to make it a study instead. Supporters of the change, including recycling groups and other policy stakeholders, said it’s important to have a clear picture of the state’s recycling and waste management systems before trying to write detailed EPR rules.

Further reading

The bill would phase out single-use polystyrene foam foodware in Illinois. If passed, this bill will follow several other states and localities that have also banned the material in recent years.

The bill, which passed the House on March 21, would prohibit most retail establishments from selling disposable foam food containers on January 1, 2024. On Jan. 1, 2025, that ban would also apply to food pantries, soup kitchens, not-for-profits, government agencies that offer food for “needy individuals” and restaurants with an annual gross income under $500,000 per location.

The Ocean Conservancy applauded the bill, saying that EPS foam is a common pollutant in waterways, and that the material cannot be effectively recycled in the state. “The simplest solution for the health of our recycling system and our waterways is to do away with the material entirely,” said Anja Brandon, associate director of U.S. plastics policy, in a news release. 

Los Angeles and San Diego banned polystyrene foam containers in December 2022. Colorado banned the material in 2021 along with Washington and Virginia. 

Plastics and packaging organizations have opposed the bill, including the American Chemistry Council. ACC typically opposes polystyrene bans, including Washington’s recent ban, because the group says it limits consumer choice and reduces states’ ability to build up infrastructure for recycling the material. The Foodservice Packaging Institute, Amsty and Pactiv Evergreen also oppose the bill.

The bill now goes to the Senate, where it is expected to be heard in the Assignments committee.

The bill, meant to reduce fire danger at waste facilities and increase recycling rates, requires battery producers to fund and participate in an EPR program. It also would establish labeling requirements for batteries sold in the state. Gov. Jay Inslee signed the bill on May 11, 2023. 

The bill also calls for a public education component. “It’s urgent we take action to ensure these products containing hazardous materials don’t continue to pile up in our landfills or other places they can cause health and safety concerns,” said state Sen. Derek Stanford, the bill’s sponsor, in a news release. 

The bill requires producers selling portable batteries or battery-containing products to participate in the stewardship organization starting January 1, 2027, for portable batteries and January 1, 2029, for medium-sized batteries. 

Stanford also sees the bill as a way to encourage producers to create better-designed batteries that are easier to recycle and last longer, he said in a news release.

Most kinds of batteries are included in the law, but some exceptions include medical device batteries, lead-acid batteries over 11 pounds and batteries that are not designed to be easily removed from items. Electric vehicle batteries are also not included in the EPR program, but the law would require the state’s Department of Ecology to publish policy recommendations for EV battery collection by April 2024.

Washington already has other stewardship programs for paint, electronic products, photovoltaic solar panels and mercury-containing light bulbs.

Supporters include Zero Waste Washington, which said the bill effectively addresses safety and environmental issues batteries can cause, as well as representatives from state solid waste authorities and fire departments. The Rechargeable Battery Association has said parts of the bill were needlessly complex and asked lawmakers to allow producers to charge a fee to consumers to cover management costs.

Enactment date: January 2026

New York joins California as the latest state to establish an extended producer responsibility program for carpet. It makes producers responsible for the cost to manage end-of-life carpet. Producers must participate in an industry recycling program or establish their own recycling program approved by the state’s Department of Environmental Conservation. Producers have until Dec. 31, 2025, to submit plans to the state.

Bills A.9279-A/S.5027-C set mandatory carpet recycling metrics, call for recycled content in new carpet and require free, convenient locations for residents to drop off old carpet. The law also bans intentionally-added PFAS in new carpet. 

The law calls for a 30% recycling rate within five years after DEC approves each stewardship program, with 10% of that considered “closed-loop recycling,” according to the bill. The recycling rate must be 50% within 10 years and 75% within 15 years, ultimately reaching a 40% closed loop recycling rate.  

Chemical recycling is not considered a valid recycling method in this bill. Gov. Kathy Hochul proposed an amendment that would have removed that provision, according to New York Focus. That amendment did not pass. Bill proponents like the National Stewardship Action Council and the Product Stewardship Institute say the EPR program will help raise the state’s carpet recycling rate, which currently is about 1%.

Further reading

Enactment date: July 1, 2023. 

The Digital Fair Repair Act requires original equipment manufacturers to make repair information and tools for certain electronic devices, such as cell phones and laptops, available to both consumers and independent repair providers. 

Many companies do not make repair manuals and specialized repair tools available to the public, or they only make them available to their authorized repair partners. Bill proponents consider such tactics to be anticompetitive behavior and say “right to repair” laws allow consumers more control over devices. 

New York is the first state to require such information from OEMs, said Gov. Kathy Hochul when she signed the bill into law Dec. 29. “This legislation will empower consumers with better options to repair their devices, thereby maximizing the lifespan of their devices, saving money, and reducing electronic waste," she said. The law applies to covered devices manufactured or sold or used for the first time on or after July 1, 2023.

The bills, S4104A/A7006B, faced strong opposition and lobbying from manufacturers like John Deere, as well as TechNet, a trade association representing companies like Apple and Samsung, according to the Times-Union. 

The bills went through numerous revisions, ultimately exempting farm, motor vehicle, construction and medical equipment, as well as certain home appliances and safety communications equipment. The Repair Association, which advocated for the bill in the state, applauded the ultimate passage but expressed disappointment that the final bill had so many exemptions.

Further reading

Enactment date: 90 days after bill signing.

HB 4459, signed into law by Gov. Gretchen Whitmer on Dec. 22, calls for the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy to provide grants or loans, or use funding from the state Solid Waste Management Fund, to improve recycling and reuse efforts or access to recycling. Money can also be spent to hire personnel to address recycled materials market development. 

The bill also calls for EGLE to create a recycling markets program and a recycling innovation program. This program would offer grants or loans for acquiring equipment or technology for R&D, recycling market development ideas, education campaigns or other projects. It encourages collaboration between the public and private sectors.

Supporters such as the Michigan Chamber of Commerce and the Michigan Recycling Coalition say the bill will help boost recycling rates while also fostering new and stronger business opportunities.

Further reading

Enactment date: 90 days after bill signing.

The bill, part of the state’s major package meant to overhaul Michigan’s solid waste management system, aims to shift state resources away from disposal and toward recycling, diversion and circular economy strategies.

The bill names reuse as the “principal objective” of Michigan’s solid waste management plan. It also sets an eventual 45% recycling rate target. It does not specify a deadline for that goal, but does call for reaching an interim 30% rate goal by 2029. The current state recycling rate is about 19%. 

Further reading

Enactment date: Jan. 1, 2023

With H 5060, Massachusetts allows some anaerobic digesters and landfill gas facilities that produce biogas to qualify for the state’s peak energy incentive program starting in 2023. That program provides incentives for “clean energy technologies,” such as wind or solar, that can supply electricity or reduce demand during peak periods.

Only certain existing AD and landfill gas facilities that were operational prior to Nov. 7, 2018, can participate in program. Groups such as the National Waste & Recycling Association and Vanguard Renewables have said the opportunity still helps benefit operations in the state.

The major climate bill, which aims to reduce Massachusetts’ dependence on fossil fuels, also includes provisions removing new industrial-scale biomass plants from the state’s definition of renewable energy.

Massachusetts’ goal is to reduce carbon emissions from 1990 levels at least 33% by 2025 and at least 50% by 2030. 

Further reading

Enactment date: Varies

Considered one of the most comprehensive state policies for organics management in the U.S., Washington’s HB 1799 sets a goal to reduce organic waste disposal 75% by 2030. It also aims to increase the volume of edible food recovery 20% by 2025. Both goals are compared with a 2015 baseline.

Businesses with at least eight cubic yards of weekly organic waste will be required to have on-site management or collection services by 2024, and generators of smaller amounts will face the same requirementin 2025 and 2026. Local governments will need to start offering source-separated organics collection services in 2027.

The bill also creates compostable product label standards — the first in the country — and updates liability standards for food donation. Other provisions require local governments to adopt new compost procurement requirements, support farm use of compost and allow for the siting of organics processing facilities.

The Washington Refuse & Recycling Association, which represents haulers and composters such as WM, Republic Services and Waste Connections, supported the bill.

Further reading

Enactment date: Jan. 1, 2025

AB 1985 delays enforcement penalties for jurisdictions that fail to meet organic waste procurement targets set out in SB 1383. Bill sponsors say the legislation will give local governments more time to ramp up infrastructure needed to meet the goals. It also allows renewable gas procured from a publicly owned treatment works to count toward a jurisdiction’s procurement target until 2025. Other provisions are meant to help rural counties create an adjusted organics collection target schedule starting in 2027.  

Further reading

Enactment date: July 1, 2025

Oregon’s bottle bill update adds canned wine, but not wine in glass bottles. 

The state’s bottle bill already covers aluminum beer cans, so the bill is meant to make it easier for residents to redeem the growing number of canned wine containers. Many residents assume the canned wine containers already carry a deposit, bill supporters say.  

The Oregon wine industry took a neutral position on the bill, except to advocate for moving implementation from 2024 to 2025. The Association of Oregon Recyclers supported the bill.

 Further reading

Enactment date: Jan. 1, 2023 

Oregon’s mattress EPR bill, SB 1576, is meant to reduce illegal dumping and offer “free, convenient and accessible” collection sites in every county. Mattress producers must join a stewardship organization, pay an annual fee and submit a mattress management plan for the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality’s approval no later than Oct. 1, 2023. The stewardship organization has seven months after initial approval to implement the plan. 

Mattress producers also need to decide on collection targets, recycling goals and public awareness plans. Consumers who buy a new mattress in the state will have to pay a flat fee for the program, which DEQ will set. Several state recycling organizations, as well as mattress industry stakeholders such as the International Sleep Products Association, supported the bill. 

Further reading

Enactment date: Business exemption went into effect July 1, 2022. Reimbursement goes into effect Jan.1, 2023. 

Iowa lawmakers voted to increase the reimbursement paid to bottle redemption centers from one cent per container to three cents. Beverage distributors pay the fee, but they get to keep the full five cents for containers that aren’t redeemed, the Iowa Capitol Dispatch reported. Retailers can stop taking the containers if they are licensed to prepare ready-to-eat food or are located within 10-15 miles of a redemption center, depending on a county’s population

The bill passed after years of debate over updates to the state’s aging bottle bill. State Sen. Jason Schultz, the bill sponsor, said tripling the handling fee will help redemption centers hire more employees and ease the backlog of cans piling up at several locations. The Container Recycling Institute spoke against the opt-out provision of the bill, saying it will make it harder for people to find redemption centers and that the remaining centers would be overloaded with containers.

 Further reading

Enactment date: One year after the Department of Environmental Management issues regulations for its enforcement or Jan. 1, 2024, whichever comes first. 

The law bans single-use plastic bags at grocery stores, drugstores and other retail businesses and imposes fines. Many Rhode Island municipalities already have their own bag bans; the new law is meant to make the regulations consistent throughout the state. Supporters also say the law will help curb plastic pollution in waterways and ease contamination in recycling loads.

Stores will still be able to offer recyclable paper bags. Reusable bags will need to have “stitched handles” and be designed for 125 uses or more. The law exempts some types of single-use plastic bags, including plastic newspaper bags, bags for unwrapped bakery items or prepared foods and dry cleaning bags. 

Conservation Law Foundation Rhode Island is among the bill’s supporters.

Further reading

Enactment date: Jan. 1, 2023

South Carolina’s H4775 will end weight-based collection goals for its electronics takeback program in favor of recycling convenience requirements aimed at making it easier for residents to return old TVs and computers. Some experts say this model could become more common in states with electronics EPR because devices are continuing to get lighter. The weight of electronics the state collects has declined since 2016.

The new law would require between one and three collection sites, depending on population, for each county, or four community collection events per year. Producers will still keep track of the weight of covered electronics collected, and manufacturers in the state must still cover the cost for packaging and transporting devices.

The Consumer Technology Association and the Product Stewardship Institute were among the bill’s supporters.

Further reading

Enactment date: Jan. 6, 2024

New Jersey’s post-consumer recycled content law establishes minimum recycled content requirements starting in 2024 for certain plastic, glass and paper packaging. It also bans polystyrene packing peanuts in 2024. 

The bill establishes these minimum post-consumer recycled content standards:

• 10% for rigid plastic containers, rising incrementally to 50% by 2036
• 15% for plastic beverage containers, rising incrementally to 50% by 2045
• 35% for recycled content in glass bottles 
• 20% for plastic carryout bags, rising incrementally to 40% by 2027.
• Between 20% and 40% for paper carryout bags, depending on size 
• A range of standards from 10% to 40% for plastic trash bags based on thickness 

Both supporters and critics of the bill see its passage as a significant sign that New Jersey and the broader region will need to prioritize recycling collection in the coming years. Those in opposition, including AMERIPEN, the Consumer Brands Association, PLASTICS, the Glass Packaging Institute and the New Jersey State Chamber of Commerce, said the bill did not thoroughly assess current markets to make sure the post-consumer content standards will be feasible. Supporters like Environment New Jersey and the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries said the bill had achievable and clear metrics.

 Further reading

Enactment date: Sept. 30, 2022.

The law prohibits processors from paying cash to certified recycling centers, curbside programs, and other bottle bill collection programs to avoid fraud. It also calls for CalRecycle to study and develop a proposal for reducing contamination in recycled glass, which the agency says is a major barrier to improving the quality of all recyclables. 

The bill did not face notable opposition. 

Further reading

Enactment date: Jan. 1,  2026

This new law updates the State Agency Buy Recycled Campaign to stipulate agencies must purchase recycled products whenever they are available at no more than a 10% higher total cost. Formerly, agencies could purchase the recycled versions when they were available at the same or a lower total cost than alternative options. 

The bill also lays out eligible products’ minimum recycled content and recyclability requirements. Starting in 2026, CalRecycle must update the product list and recycling requirements every three years as long as it considers market conditions, recycling rates and recycling or processing infrastructure capacity.

Supporters included several environmental groups and municipalities who said it would help increase demand for recycled products. Opponents, like the American Chemistry Council and some state manufacturers, said the bill would make it difficult to find eligible products due to nationwide supply chain constraints and increased demand for recycled content products. 

Further reading

Enactment date: Jan. 1, 2026

California’s SB 1215 adds battery-embedded products to the state’s e-waste program, meaning consumers will pay a disposal fee when they purchase such products starting in 2026. “Battery-embedded” means a product with a battery not designed to be easily removed. Manufacturers of covered electronic devices sold in the state will need to submit a report to CalRecycle and educate consumers on where and how to return, recycle, or dispose of the covered electronic device.

The bill did not receive formal opposition. It exempts some products like prescribed medical devices.

Further reading

Enactment date: April 1, 2025

The law establishes an extended producer responsibility program meant to make battery drop-offs easier and reduce fires in collection vehicles and at waste and recycling facilities. Manufacturers must create a stewardship organization to handle collection, transportation and recycling and keep track of how many batteries are recycled.

California already has a takeback program for some types of rechargeable batteries, but consumers dropped off numerous other types of batteries because they were not sure which ones the program covered, bill proponents said.

Supporters included the California Product Stewardship Council, a sponsor of the bill, along with Rethink Waste, Californians Against Waste, Republic Services and numerous solid waste management districts. 

Further reading

Enactment date: July 1, 2025

Colorado’s new law creates an EPR program for most types of packaging that will be operated and funded by producers who join a nonprofit producer responsibility organization. Producers will pay dues each year based on the amount and type of applicable paper or packaging they use. Fees will go toward funding new or improved recycling services across the state. The bill exempts businesses with less than $5 million in gross annual revenue.

The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment will oversee the program with input from an advisory board of recycling stakeholders. 

The PRO will hire an independent third party to assess Colorado’s recycling services by April 2024 and to identify which recycling needs aren’t being met. The assessment will look at potentially expanding recycling programs to include places like businesses, government buildings and other locations by 2028. Guidance would also include proposed recycling rates the state would need to meet by January 2030 and January 2035.

Colorado is the third state to adopt EPR for packaging. Proponents included the Colorado Municipal League and Colorado Communities for Climate Action, as well as several environmental groups. Opponents included the American Forest & Paper Association. Some waste haulers said they support EPR but felt the bill was overly complicated.

Further reading